农田土壤钙素含量及空间分布规律研究——以武功县大庄乡为例

【目的】分析关中地区土壤发育与演化的历史,企图揭示在现代农业生产条件下土地高强度利用、施肥与耕作制度的变更等对土壤健康的影响。【方法】选定自然条件及土地利用类型一致的聚居村庄,在水平距离仅600 m的范围内,按照辐射线状采集农田土样,并参照了该地区1982年土壤普查数据采集信息,采用“横向参照标准方法”和“纵向（时间）标准方法”,研究农田土壤钙素的演化趋势。【结果】在水平尺度上距村庄0-400 m范围内表层0-40 cm土壤碳酸钙、交换性钙含量的水平变化均不够明显,在400-600 m处却明显增大,在0-600 m的范围内土壤水溶性钙含量随距村庄距离的增加而逐渐降低。在垂直尺度上不同水平距离处0-20 cm土壤碳酸钙含量均低于20-40 cm,而交换性钙和水溶性钙含量高于20-40 cm。在距村庄50 m处的剖面0-40 cm土层碳酸钙含量既低于距村庄500 m处,也低于1982年地区内土壤剖面同层的含量,而40 cm以下土壤碳酸钙含量明显增加。50 m处0-100 cm土壤钙素总贮量明显高于500 m处。表层0-40 cm土层交换性钙在村庄附近土壤中递减、水溶性钙含量递增。【结论】在无自然因素差异的有限水平空间范围内,高强度集约化土地利用以及密集型技术措施施行,明显驱动和加速了农田土壤钙素的淋失与淀积,导致土壤钙素的空间变异性及农田土壤表层钙素的隐型退化,这警示人们高度关注现代农业技术措施对土壤健康的作用和影响。     

正交试验处理下配施锌、镁、钼肥对烤烟钾、氯含量影响

为协调烟株营养平衡,优化烟草专用肥配方,将硫酸锌0、6、12 kg/hm2和硫酸镁0、30、60 kg/hm2及钼酸铵0、90、180 g/hm2按L9(34)方式,运用SPSS 17.0 正交试验设计生成施肥处理表,通过田间试验,研究配施锌、镁、钼肥对烤烟钾、氯含量影响的主次因素,肥料施用量对烤烟钾、氯含量的影响及主体间的效应。结果表明：硫酸锌的施用对烤烟钾含量的影响高于硫酸镁、钼酸铵,就烤烟钾含量而言最佳的配施方案为硫酸锌6 kg/hm2、钼酸铵0 g/hm2、硫酸镁60 kg/hm2;烤烟氯含量受钼酸铵施用的影响高于硫酸锌、硫酸镁。     

污泥农用对土壤和作物重金属累积及作物产量的影响

以3 a定位试验为基础,比较3种不同处理的污泥肥料（消化污泥、污泥堆肥及污泥复混肥）农田施用下土壤养分、土壤和作物籽粒中Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 5种重金属的积累以及作物产量的变化情况,以阐明污泥农用对土壤及作物的影响。研究表明,3种污泥肥料提高了土壤中氮素和有机质的含量;与空白和普通化肥处理相比,3种污泥肥料增加了土壤中Mn和Cu的含量,而对土壤交换态重金属含量没有显著影响;3种污泥处理均增加了小麦籽粒中Zn的含量;相对普通化肥处理,3种污泥肥料处理对小麦和玉米产量均无显著影响。合理施用污泥肥料可以有效地提高作物产量;污泥肥料施用对土壤重金属有一定累积效应,但短期施用对土壤比较安全。     

镁的营养作用研究进展

镁是生物体内重要的阳离子,参与了体内所有的能量代谢,催化或激化300多种酶体系。本文综述了镁对动物体脂质过氧化、应激及脂类代谢等方面影响的研究近况,并探讨了其可能的作用机制。     

丙酸镁对西门塔尔牛尿嘌呤衍生物和微生物蛋白的影响

选用4头年龄3.5岁,体况良好,体重500kg的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛。采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮添加丙酸镁(100g/d)、丙酸(87g/d)和氧化镁(24g/d)对尿嘌呤衍生物(PD)和微生物蛋白(MCP)的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁后,丙酸镁组和丙酸组尿囊素、PD、微生物氮(MN)、MCP较对照组和氧化镁组显著提高(P<0.05),但丙酸镁组和丙酸组差异不显著(P>0.05)。日粮添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁对尿酸(uric acid)含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。日粮中添加丙酸镁和丙酸提高了尿囊素含量和PD、MN和MCP产量,但处理对尿酸没有影响。     

Effects of buckwheat growth on variation of aluminum and major metals in root‐zone soil solutions

The variation in and relationships between aluminum and other major metals including Ca, Mg, Mn, and K in root‐zone soil solutions were studied by growing buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. cv. Jiangxi), an Al accumulator, in pots filled with an acid soil amended with CaCO₃ and unamended controls with a preinstalled nondestructive soil‐solution sampler. Soil solutions were collected every 7 d with a syringe connected to the sampler. The results showed that pH of the soil solution was not the only factor controlling the concentration of Al. Significant positive linear correlations were found between Al and Ca as well as between Al and Mg in soil solutions from the controls. The ratio of base cations (BC, Ca+Mg) to Al might partly explain the high Al resistance of buckwheat. Oxalate secretion from roots significantly activated Al in acid soils, which may be important for changes of Al in soil solutions, but it also caused decreased concentrations of Ca, Mg, and Mn. It is concluded that the variation of metal concentrations including Al, Ca, Mg, and Mn is a holistic effect involving competition for exchange sites among Ca, Mg, H, and Al, the chelation by oxalate secreted from roots, and metal uptake by buckwheat.     

硅钾镁肥配比对水稻产量的影响

在氮、磷固定的条件下,采用农业部推广的硅钾镁“3414”肥料设计进行多点试验,完善平衡配套施肥方案,建立不同品种的硅、钾、镁施用纯量与产量的效应函数模型,以期为寒地增产保优合理施肥提供科学依据。结果表明：不同品种的硅、钾、镁施用纯量与产量的效应函数模型不同;缺硅、缺钾、缺镁对水稻产量及产量构成因素的影响不同,同一地点不同品种对缺素表现出了相同的规律,钾对产量影响最大,其次是缺硅,影响最小的是镁;‘空育131’、‘垦粳1号’的处理6（Si2K2Mg2）、处理9（Si2K2Mg1）处理10（Si2K2Mg3）、处理13（Si1K2Mg1）产量都较高。‘空育131’处理13（Si1K2Mg1）产量最高为9173.10 kg/hm2;‘垦粳1号’处理9（Si2K2Mg1）产量最高为9162.45 kg/hm2。因此,要做到良种良法配套必须测土并针对品种进行施肥,才能达到高产优质的目的。     

Microstructures and tensile properties of commercial AZ31B magnesium alloy sheets

Uniaxial loading tests are performed on 0.8 mm thick sheets of commercial AZ31B magnesium alloy in the temperature range from room temperature to 400 ℃. The microstructures and tensile properties are studied. The results reveal that there are few twins in the deformation microstructures created when deformation occurres in temperatures ranging from room temperature to 100 ℃, and dynamic recrystallization take place at deformation temperatures exceeding 200 ℃. Commercial AZ31B magnesium alloy sheets have a preferable strength and ductility at room temperature. The ductility of the sheets is improved as the deformation temperature increases. Some characteristics of low temperature superplasticity or high strain rate superplasticity exist.     

不同施肥结构对酸性冲积菜园土的酸性与交换性能的修复效应

为了减少土壤对农业造成的损失以及给生态环境带来的恶化,为保证湖南农业的可持续发展和生态环境保护提供科学依据,以长沙市东郊浏阳河沉积物发育的冲积菜园土为研究对象,通过田间小区试验和动态取样与室内测定,研究了不同施肥结构对菜园土酸性、交换性能的改良效应。结果表明：单纯施用化学肥料处理(NPK)能明显降低土壤pH,施用石灰质物质处理（NPK+MgO和NPK+CaO）能有效降低表层土酸酸度;交换性铝离子只有在较低酸度的土壤中出现;耕层土壤CEC值相对比较稳定,试验土壤CEC值在8~10.75 cmol/kg之间,平均值为9.05 cmol/kg。供试土壤的保肥和酸化缓冲能力比较弱。     

Potassium behavior and clay mineral composition in the soil with low effectiveness of potassium application

ABSTRACT

Increasing exchangeable potassium (ExK) content in soil to an appropriate level is important to mitigate the transfer of radioactive cesium to crops. We focused on a buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) field with a low ExK content, despite the application of K, in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan (Field A), following the Tokyo Electric Power Company Fukushima Dai-ichi (No. 1) Nuclear Power Plant accident in March 2011. We examined the relationship between K concentration and clay mineral composition in the soil of Field A and compared the findings with another field in Fukushima Prefecture (Field B) to clarify whether K applied to the soil was leached or remaining fixed. Pot experiments showed that K concentration in water seepage from pots following irrigation was significantly lower in pots from Field A than in those from Field B. Soil ExK content after soybean cultivation was lower in soils of Field A than those of Field B. These results indicate that K applied to Field A was fixed in the soil. Analysis of clay mineral composition confirmed the distinctive vermiculitic nature of Field A soils. This clay mineralogy would be associated with the higher K fixation ability of Field A than Field B soils. This study demonstrated that K fixation in vermiculite was a factor preventing the increase in ExK content from K application to Field A.